Diet as A Risk Factor of Prostate Cancer: A Review
Keywords:
Prostate cancer – Diet – Literature reviewAbstract
Abstract.
Introduction              Prostate cancer is indeed a raising health problem in the world. As our life expectancy improve the prevalence of prostate cancer may also increasing. Diet is believed to be one of the common major risk factor that contributed to the developing prostate cancer.
Objective                   This review aims to understand the effect of dietary habit towards risk of developing prostate cancer and to summarize the published articles and knowledge on risk of developing prostate cancer and further be able to provide information in designing the optimal diet for primary and secondary prostate cancer prevention.
Methodology             A search was conducted to review related published studies on prostate cancer and diet through PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Schorlar and Science Direct.
Result                        High intake of red meat , processed meat, dairy products were commonly linked to the prostate cancer while consumption of antioxidant and certain vitamin may give protective mechanism towards prostate cancer.
Conclusion                Diet which consist of low carbohydrates, n-3 PUFAs, colorful fruits and vegetables still the best advice to counsel the patient while lifestyle of smoking and heavy alcohol intake should be avoided in preventing prostate cancer.
Keywords :               Prostate cancer – Diet – Literature review
References
REFERENCE
Globocan 2012.International Agency of Research on Cancer.
Rastogi, T., Devesa, S., Mangtani, P., Mathew, A., Cooper, N., Kao, R. & Sinha, R. (2008) Cancer incidence rates among South Asians in four geographic regions: India, Singapore, UK and US. Int. J. Epidemiol. 37, 147–160
Turesky RJ. Formation and biochemistry of carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines in cooked meats. Toxicol Lett. 2007; 168:219–227.
Rohrmann S, Platz EA, Kavanaugh CJ, Thuita L, Hoffman SC, Helzlsouer KJ. Meat and dairy consumption and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in a US cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 2007; 18(1):41-50.
Alexander DD, Mink PJ, Cushing CA, Sceurman B. A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat intake and prostate cancer. Nutr J 2010;9:50.
WCRF/AICR. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: WCRF/AICR, 2007.
William G. Nelson, Angelo M. De Marzo, and Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian. The Diet as a Cause of Human Prostate Cancer. Cancer Treat Res. 2014 ; 159: 51–68.
Bylsma and Alexander . A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat, meat cooking methods, heme iron, heterocyclic amines and prostate cancer . Nutrition Journal (2015) 14:125
Cross, A.J., Peters, U., Kirsh, V.A., Andriole, G.L., Reding, D., Hayes, R.B. & Sinha, R. (2005) A prospective study of meat and meat mutagens and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res. 65, 11779–11784.
Ferguson LR. Meat and cancer. Meat Sci 2010;84:308–13.
Pauwels EK. The protective effect of the Mediterranean diet: focus on cancer and cardiovascular risk. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20:103-11.
Aronson WJ, Barnard RJ, Freedland SJ, et al. Growth inhibitory effect of low fat diet on Prostate cancer cells: results of a prospective, randomized dietary intervention trial in men with prostate cancer. J Urol. 2010;183:345-50.
Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B. Dairy products, dietary calcium and vitamin D intake as risk factors for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 26,769 cases from 45 observational studies. Nutr Cancer 2008;60:421–41.
Lu W, Chen H, Niu Y, Wu H, Xia D, Wu Y. Dairy products intake and cancer mortality risk: a meta-analysis of 11 population-based cohort studies. Nutr Journal. 2016;15(1):91.
Yang M, Kenfield SA, Van Blarigan EL, Wilson KM, Batista JL, Sesso HD, Ma J,Stampfer MJ, Chavarro JE. Dairy intake after prostate cancer diagnosis in relation to disease-specific and total mortality. Int J Cancer. 2015;137:2462–9.
Giovannucci E. Dietary influences of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D in relation to prostate cancer: a hypothesis. Cancer Causes Control. 1998;9:567–82.
Szymanski KM, Wheeler DC, Mucci LA. Fish consumption and prostate cancer risk: A review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:1223-1233.
Berquin IM, Edwards IJ, Kridel SJ, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2011; 30:295–309.
Williams CD, Whitley BM, Hoyo C, et al. A high ratio of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Nutr Res. 2011; 31:1–8.
Larsson SC, Kumlin M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Wolk A. Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 ; 79 : 935 –45.
Pelucchi C., Bosetti C., Galeone C. and Vecchia C.L. Dietary acrylamide and cancer risk: An updated meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer: 136, 2912–2922 (2015)
Hsua A, Brunob RS, Löhrc CV, et al. Dietary soy and tea mitigate chronic inflammation and prostate cancer via NFκB pathway in the Noble rat model. J Nutr Biochem. 2011;22:502–10.
Gupta S. Review prostate cancer chemoprevention current status and future prospect. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007;224:369–76.
Hamilton‑Reeves JM, Rebello SA, Thomas W, Slaton JW, Kurzer MS. Isoflavone‑rich soy protein isolate suppresses androgen receptor expression without altering estrogen receptor‑beta expression or serum hormonal profiles in men at high risk of prostate cancer. J Nutr 2007;137:1769‑75.
Nagata, Y., Sonoda, T., Mori, M., Miyanaga, N., Okumura, K., Goto, K., Naito, S., Fujimoto, K., Hirao, Y., Takahashi, A., Tsukamoto, T. & Akaza, H. (2007) Dietary isoflavones may protect against prostate cancer in Japanese men. J. Nutr. 137, 1974–1979.
Van Die MD, Bone KM, Williams SG, Pirotta MV. Soy and soy isoflavones in prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis of randomized controlled trials. BJU Int 2014;113:E119‑30.
Messina MJ. Emerging evidence on the role of soy in reducing prostate cancer risk. Nutr Rev 2003;61:117‑31. doi: 10.1301/nr.2003.apr.117-131.
Hamilton‑Reeves JM, Vazquez G, Duval SJ, Phipps WR,Kurzer MS, Messina MJ. Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men:Results of a meta‑analysis. Fertil Steril 2010;94:997‑1007.
Chan JM, Oh WK, Xie W, Regan MM, Stampfer MJ, King IB, Abe M, Kantoff PW. Plasma selenium, manganese superoxide dismutase, and intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3577–83.
Clark, L.C., Combs, G.F., Jr, Turnbull, B.W et al (1996) Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA 276, 1957–1963.
Clark, L.C., Dalkin, B., Krongrad, A. et al (1998) Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. Br. J. Urol. 81, 730–734.
Duffield-Lillico, A.J., Dalkin, B.L., Reid, M.E., Turnbull, B.W., Slate, E.H., Jacobs, E.T., Marshall, J.R. & Clark, L.C. (2003) Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. BJU Int. 91, 608–612.
Brinkman, M., Reulen, R.C., Kellen, E., Buntinx, F. & Zeegers, M.P. (2006) Are men with low selenium levels at increased risk of prostate cancer? Eur. J. Cancer 42, 2463–2471.
V.Studenta, A.Vidlara, J. Bouchalb, J.Vrbkovac et al.Cranberry intervention in patients with prostate cancer prior to radical prostatectomy. Clinical, pathological and laboratory findings; 2016 Dec; 160(4):559-565.
Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J,Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, Vrbkova J, Ruzicka F, Simanek V. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. BJN 2010;104:1181-9.2016 Dec; 160(4):559-565.
Giovannucci, E., Rimm, E.B., Liu, Y., Stampfer, M.J. & Willett, W.C. (2003) A prospective study of cruciferous vegetables and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 12, 1403–1409.
Darlington, G.A., Kreiger, N., Lightfoot, N., Purdham, J. & Sass-Kortsak, A. (2007) Prostate cancer risk and diet, recreational physical activity and cigarette smoking. Chronic Dis. Can. 27, 145–153.
Peters, U., Leitzmann, M.F., Chatterjee, N., Wang, Y., Albanes, D., Gelmann, E.P., Friesen, M.D., Riboli, E. & Hayes, R.B.(2007) Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16, 962–968.
Etminan, M., Takkouche, B. & Caamano-Isorna, F. (2004) The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13, 340–345.
Miller, E.R., III, Pastor-Barriuso, R., Dalal, D., Riemersma, R.A., Appel, L.J. & Guallar, E. (2005) Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann. Intern. Med. 142, 37–46.
Shui IM, Mucci LA, Kraft P, et al. Vitamin D–related genetic variation, plasma vitamin D, and risk of lethal prostate cancer: A prospective nested case–control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104:690–9.
Mullins JK, Loeb S. Environmental exposures and prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2012;30:216–9.
Barnett CM, Beer TM. Prostate cancer and vitamin D: What does the evidence really suggest? Urol Clin N Am. 2011;38:333–42.
Rizos CH, Papassava M, Golias CH, Charalabopoulos K. Alcohol consumption and prostate cancer a mini review. Exp Oncol. 2010;32(2):66–70.
Rota M, Scotti L, Turati F, et al. Alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk:a meta-analysis of the dose– risk relation. Euro J Cancer Prevent. 2011;10:1-7.
Huncharek M, Haddock S, Reid R, Kupelnick B. Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer:A meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:693–701.
Neuhouser, M.L., Barnett, M.J., Kristal, A.R., Ambrosone, C.B., King, I., Thornquist, M. & Goodman, G. (2007) (n-6) PUFA increase and dairy foods decrease prostate cancer risk in heavy smokers. J. Nutr. 137, 1821–1827.
