Effect of Time Parameter on the Physicochemical Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Delonix Regia Seed Pods
Abstract
The need to make cellulose (natural polymer-insoluble in water) a water soluble material is essential to enhance its use in the pharmaceutical and food processing industries. This paper investigates the effect of time parameter on the physicochemical properties of carboxylmethyl cellulose from Flamboyant plant seed pods. Cellulose isolated from Flamboyant plant (Delonix regia) seed pods (FSP) was modified to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) via mercerization and etherification using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid (ClCH2COOH) respectively. The concentration of sodium hydroxide at 20g/100mL and 60 minutes solubility of the CMC produced a high quality product. Moisture contents of the native and carboxymethyl cellulose were calculated to be 33.6% and 30.8% at 110°C respectively, with a slight decrease in the crystallinity of the CMC compared to the native cellulose. Swelling capacities of the CMC were determined and reported to increase with increasing temperature. The degree of substitution on the cellulose backbone was calculated to be 0.77 which clearly show that the CMC produced is highly substituted and therefore soluble in water. FTIR analysis produced peak at 1589.07cm-1 and a broad band at 3353.56cm-1 for the carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups respectively. Solubility of the CMC obtained after etherification process increased with increase in reaction time. This solubility of the CMC in aqueous system explains the potential for its use and application in the production/manufacturing industries, and can be used extensively for various applications in paper, food, detergents, cosmetics, and textiles.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Arthur, J.C Jr. In: Allen, G., Bevinton, J.C. (eds). Comprehensive polymer science, vol 6. Pergamon, Oxford (1986).
Bhattacharyya, D., Singhal, R.S. & Kulkarni, P.R. A comparative account of conditions for synthesis of sodium carboxymethyl starch from corn and amaranth starch. Carbohydrate Polymers, (1995) 27: 247–253.
Chen, Y., Dong, B, Qin, W., Xiao, D. Xylose and cellulose fractionation from corn cob with three different strategies and separate fermentation of them to bioethanol. Bioresource technology, (2010). 101: 6994-6999.
Cheung, S.W., Anderson, B.C. Laboratory investigation of ethanol production from municipal primary waste solids. Bioresource technology, (1997) 59: 81–96.
Burke, D. The complete Burke’s backyard: the ultimate book of fact sheets. Composition and Characteristics of Flamboyant plants. (2005) p. 269. 978-1-74045-739-2.
Jiang, M., Zhao, M.M., Zhou, Z.W., Huang, T., Chen, X.L., & Wang, Y. Isolation of cellulose with ionic liquid from steam exploded rice straw. Industrial crops and products, (2011) 33(3): 734-738.
Klemm, D., Heublein, B., Fink, H. P., Bohn, A. Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material. Angew.Chem. Int. Ed. (2005) 44 (22).
Lawal, O.S., Lechner, M.D., Kulicke, W.M. The synthesis conditions, characterizations and thermal degradation studies of an etherified starch from an unconventional source. Polymer Degradation and Stability (2008) 93(8): 1520-1528.
Lawal, O.S., Lechner, M.D., Hartmann, B., Kulicke, W.M. Single and multi-step carboxymethylation of water yam starch (Disocorea alata) starch: synthesis and characterization. International Journal of biological macromolecules. (2008) 42(5): 429-435.
Mandal, A., Chakrabarty, D., Isolation of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and its characterization. Carbohydrate Polymers, (2011) 86: 1292-1299.
Mario, P., Adinugrada, D.W., Haryadi, M. Synthesis and characterization of sodium carboxylmethylcellulose from Cavendish banana pseudo stem (Musa Cavendish ii LAMBERT). Carbohydrate Polymers (2005) 62: 164-169.
Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., Drzal, L.T., Selke, S.E., Harte, B.R., Hinrichsen, G. Natural fibres. Biopolymers and Biocomposites. An introduction in “Natural fibres, Biopolymers and Biocomposites” in Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., Drzal, L.T. (Eds) CRC Press, London. (2005)
Oyeniyi, Y.J., Itilola, O.A., The physicochemical characteristic of microcrystalline cellulose, derived from sawdust, Agricultural waste products. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences (2011) 10(2).
Pushpamalar, V., Langford, S., Ahmad, M., & Lim, Y.Y. Optimization of reactions conditions for preparing carboxymethyl cellulose from sago waste. Carbohydrate Polymers, (2006) 67:182-189.
Rachtanapun, P., Luankamin, S., Tanprasert, K., Suriyaterm, R. Carboxymethyl cellulose film from Durian Rind, LWT-Food Science and Technology., (2012) 48(1): 52-58.
Sun, X. F., Sun, R. C., & Sun, J. X. Acetylation of sugarcane bagasse using NBS as a catalyst under mild reaction conditions for the production of oil sorption-active materials. Bioresource Technology, (2004). 95, 343–350.
Vail, M., Mezzana, P., Madonna, S., Terracina F. Carboxy-methyl-cellulose hydrogel mammary implants: Our experience. Acta Chirurgiae Plastica, (2002) 44: 71–76.
Wagberg, T. Water-absorbing characteristics of acrylic acid-grafted carboxymethyl cellulose synthesized by photo-grafting, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., (2000) 60: 1965-1970.
Wang CS, Fried JR. Viscoelastic properties of concentrated cellulose acetate solutions. Journal of Rheology, (1992) 36: 929–945.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Call for Submissions
We welcome submissions for the coming issue that will be officially published in March 2022. We are committed to providing results of reviewing within two weeks, and publishing the paper within one month from the submission date (subjected to responses by authors). This means accepted papers will be available online even before the issue is published officially.
Publons Partners
Journal of Polymer Science and Technology (JPST) is now one of Publons Partners. This means biodata of reviewers in Publons will be automatically updated once reviewing on articles submitted to JPST is completed (subjected to terms and conditions).
How to promote journal articles
Promoting your journal article is imperative to maximise the exposure, enhance the discoverability and increase engagement with readers and other academics. Together with the publisher, as an author, you can help to promote your newly published articles via the following:
1) Institutional webpage.
Provide the link of your latest article in your institutional website. The webpage visitors who view your profile will be able to see your latest research and publications.
2) Social media.
The rise of the social media has also profoundly affected the publishing fraternity. More and more users have chosen the social media platforms as a way of sharing. Social media sharing helps foster convenient dissemination of information, which can be achieved within a short time. You can share your article in major online social media platforms including Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and so on.
3) Utilise scholarly networking and reference platforms.
A scholarly or academic networking platforms such as Academia.edu, MyNetResearch, ResearchGate, Mendeley and so on are indeed useful as they help bring scholars of common areas of expertise close together.
4) Press Releases.
If your article involves a new, significant or important discovery, consider linking up with media organisations for a press release. This brings your work to the mainstream media.
5) Blog.
If you keep a personal blog, you can get your blog readers updated with the list of your most recently published articles and the development in your area of research. Linking your article in your personal blog can vastly enhance the discoverability. Discuss briefly about the article and how the users might benefit from it.
6) Add to reading list or assignment.
Add your article (or the journal your article is published) as essential reading to your students. You may also create related assignments, e.g. review of the article, or have them discussed about the write up in class.
7) Add to your signature.
Announce your latest publication underneath your signature. Provide a link where the article can be downloaded/viewed.