TGF treated with 10% LENR

Reinforcement of Thermoplastics Natural Rubber Composite with Liquid Epoxidised Natural Rubber Treated Torch Ginger Fiber

Nur Khairul Nabila Kamaruddin, Ibrahim Abdullah, Ishak Ahmad

Abstract


The high interests in natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic natural rubber composites are related to the issues of biodegradability, environmental friendly and renewable resources. Effects of coating Torch Ginger fiber (TGF) with liquid epoxidised natural rubber (LENR) as a compatibiliser between TGF and natural rubber and linear low polyethylene (NR/LLDPE) composite were investigated. LENR coated TGF reinforced thermoplastic NR/LLDPE composites were prepared by incorporation of 10% loading of TGF with different degree of LENR coating. To improve the adhesion of LENR coated to TGF pre-treatment of TGF powder using 4% NaOH was done in order to expose more hydroxyl groups on TGF surface before coating with LENR. The scanning electron microscope (SEM)micrograph of TGF surface showed the LENR coated on the pre-treated TGF surface was homogeneous. The mechanical properties of TGF reinforced thermoplastics were found to increase when TGF was treated with 4% NaOH followed by 5% LENR coating. Effects of TGF treatment on the rheological behavior of composites showed an increase in the adhesion of LENR treated TGF. SEM micrograph of the tensile fractured surface showed good interfacial interaction between NR/LLDPE matrix and 5% LENR coated TGF compared to untreated and NaOH treated TGF

Keywords


Natural rubber, liquid epoxidised natural rubber, linear low density polyethylene, torch ginger fiber, thermoplastic composite.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdelmouleh, M., Boufi, S., Belgacem, M. N. & Dufresne, A. (2007). “Short natural-fibre reinforced polyethylene and natural rubber composites: Effect of silane coupling agents and fibre loading,” Composites Science and Technology 67:1627-1639.

Awang, M., Salit, M.S and Wirawan, R. (2009), A Review of Natural Fibre reinforced Polymer Composite. Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.

Bachtiar, D., Sapuan, S.M. and Hamdam, M.M (2008). “The effect of alkaline treatment on tensile properties of sugar palm fiber reinforced epoxy composites,” Material and Design, 29, pp. 1285-1290.

Bledzki, A. K., Gassan, J. (1999). “Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres”, Progress in Polymer Science, 24(1999) 221-274.

Chang, D. H., (1976). Rheology in Polymer Processing.1st Edition, Academic press Inc. ISBN 0-12-322450.

Chong, E.L , Ahmad, I., Dahlan, H.M and Abdullah I. (2010), “Reinforcement of natural rubber/high density polyethylene blends with electron beam irradiated liquid natural rubber-coated rice husk”, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 79 (2010) 906-911.

Herrera-Franco, P.J.and Valadez-Gonza´lez, A. (2005). “A study of the mechanical properties of short natural-fiber reinforced composite,” Composites Part B: Engineering. Composites: Part B 36 (2005) 597–608.

Ibrahim, A., Rahmadini, S., and Ishak. A. (2010). “Liquid epoxidised natural rubber coated rice husk as filler for NR/HDPE composites”.

Igor, M. D. R., Carlo, S. and Fabrizio, S. (2010). “Mechanical and thermal characterization of epoxy composites reinfoced with random and quasi-unidirectional untreated Phormium tenax leaf fibers,” Material and Design , 31(2010) 2397-2405.

Juan I. M., Vera A. A., Viviana P. C. (2008). “Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers,” Cellulose (2008) 15:149-159.

Li, X., Tabil, L.G., and Panighiri, S. (2007). “Chemical treatments of natural fibre for use in natural fibre reinforced composite: A review journal of Polymers and the Environtment,” 15, pp. 25-33.

Mohanty, S., Nayak, S. K., (2007). “Dynamic and steady state viscoelastic behaviour and morphology of MAPP treated PP/sisal composites,” Material Science and engineering A, 443(2007) 202-208.

Mwaikambo, L. Y. & Ansell. M. P, (2002). “Chemical Modification of Hemp, Sisal, Jute, and Kapok Fibers by Alkalization.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 84: 2222-2234.

Mwaikambo, L.Y., Martuscelli, E. And Avella, M. (2000). “Kapok/cotton fabric-polypropylene composites,” Polymer Testing, 19, pp. 905-918.

Rajeev, K. Mohan, K. And Ramani, N. (1997). “Biofiber-reinforced polypropylene composite,” Polymer Engineering and Science, 37, pp. 516-523.

Ray, S., Bhowmick, A. K., Sarma, K.S S., Majali, A. B. & Tikku, V. K. 2002. Characterization of electron-beam-modified surface coated clay fillers and their influence on physical properties of rubbers. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 65: 627-640.

Tharwat, F. Tadros, (2010). Rheology of Dispersions, Principles and Applications, 1st Edition, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, ISBN 978-3-527-32003-5.

Thomas, G M. (2006). The rheology handbook: for users of rotational and oscillatory rheometers, 2nd Edition, Hannover: Vincent network (2006) Coatings compendia, ISBN 3-87870-174-8.

Wong, S., Shanks, R. and Hodzic, A. (2004). “Interfacial improvements in poly(3 hydroxy-butyrate)-flax fibre composites with hydrogen bonding additives,” Composites Science and Technology, 64, pp. 1321-1330.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Call for Submissions

We welcome submissions for the coming issue that will be officially published in March 2022. We are committed to providing results of reviewing within two weeks, and publishing the paper within one month from the submission date (subjected to responses by authors). This means accepted papers will be available online even before the issue is published officially.

Publons Partners

Journal of Polymer Science and Technology (JPST) is now one of Publons Partners. This means biodata of reviewers in Publons will be automatically updated once reviewing on articles submitted to JPST is completed (subjected to terms and conditions).

How to promote journal articles

Promoting your journal article is imperative to maximise the exposure, enhance the discoverability and increase engagement with readers and other academics. Together with the publisher, as an author, you can help to promote your newly published articles via the following:

1) Institutional webpage.
Provide the link of your latest article in your institutional website. The webpage visitors who view your profile will be able to see your latest research and publications.

2) Social media.
The rise of the social media has also profoundly affected the publishing fraternity. More and more users have chosen the social media platforms as a way of sharing. Social media sharing helps foster convenient dissemination of information, which can be achieved within a short time. You can share your article in major online social media platforms including Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and so on.

3) Utilise scholarly networking and reference platforms.
A scholarly or academic networking platforms such as Academia.edu, MyNetResearch, ResearchGate, Mendeley and so on are indeed useful as they help bring scholars of common areas of expertise close together.

4) Press Releases.
If your article involves a new, significant or important discovery, consider linking up with media organisations for a press release. This brings your work to the mainstream media.

5) Blog.
If you keep a personal blog, you can get your blog readers updated with the list of your most recently published articles and the development in your area of research. Linking your article in your personal blog can vastly enhance the discoverability. Discuss briefly about the article and how the users might benefit from it.

6) Add to reading list or assignment.
Add your article (or the journal your article is published) as essential reading to your students. You may also create related assignments, e.g. review of the article, or have them discussed about the write up in class.

7) Add to your signature.
Announce your latest publication underneath your signature. Provide a link where the article can be downloaded/viewed.