TINDAKAN AFFIRMATIF DI MALAYSIA: MENGHAPUSKAN KEKELIRUAN MENERANGI KEBENARAN (AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN MALAYSIA: ELIMINATE CONFUSION IN EXPLAINING THE TRUTH)

Authors

  • Muhammad Najit Sukemi Fakulti Perniagaan, Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Sosial, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
  • Mohd Nasir Nawawi Fakulti Perniagaan, Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Sosial, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia.
  • Nizam Ahmat Fakulti Perniagaan, Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Sosial, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia.
  • Ahmad Rizal Mohd Yusof Institut Kajian Etnik (KITA) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

Abstract

Abstrak

Tragedi berdarah 13 Mei 1969 mendedahkan jurang ketidakseimbangan ekonomi dan ketidakadilan lampau antara kumpulan etnik di Malaysia. Bagi menanganinya, kerajaan telah melaksanakan langkah drastik dengan melaksanakan Dasar Ekonomi Baru (DEB) dengan menekankan kepada pertumbuhan dengan pengagihan yang saksama, dengan matlamat membasmi kemiskinan dan menyusus semula masyarakat.  Sasaran serta semangat DEB ini diteruskan dalam perlaksanaan Dasar Pembangunan Nasional (1991–2000), Dasar Wawasan Negara (2001-2010) dan Model Ekonomi Baru (2011-2020).  Kesinambungan sasaran dan semangat ini wujud kerana DEB itu sendiri merupakan sebahagian dari tindakan afirmatif yang telah dilaksanakan di Malaysia.  Wujud pelbagai persepsi mengenai perlaksanaan tindakan afirmatif yang akhirnya menimbulkan kekeliruan.  Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini akan membincangkan secara kritis dan mendalam mengenai tindakan afirmatif dan perlaksanaannya di Malaysia. 

Kata kunci: Afirmitif, DEB, pembangunan

 

Abstract 

The bloody tragedy of 13 May 1969 revealed the gap between past economic imbalances and injustices between ethnic groups in Malaysia. To address this, the government has taken drastic measures by implementing the New Economic Policy (NEP) with an emphasis on growth with equitable distribution, with the aim of eradicating poverty and restructuring society. The targets and spirit of the NEP are continued in the implementation of the National Development Policy (1991–2000), the National Vision Policy (2001-2010) and the New Economic Model (2011-2020). This continuity of target and spirit exists because the NEP itself is part of the affirmative action that has been implemented in Malaysia. There are various perceptions about the implementation of affirmative actions that ultimately lead to confusion. Accordingly, this study will discuss critically and in depth about affirmative action and its implementation in Malaysia. 

Keywords: Affirmative, NEP, development

References

Arriola KRJ, Cole ER. 2001. Framing the affirmative action debate: attitudes toward outgroup members and white identity. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol 31: 2462–2483.

Burstein P. 1994. Equal Employment Opportunity: Labor Market Discrimination and Public Policy. New York: de Gruyter Aldine.

Bendick M.J & Egan, M.L 1999. Changing Workplace cultures to Reduce Employment Discrimination. Alexandria, VA: Bendick and Egan Economic

Consultants, Inc.

Crosby F.J., Aarti Iyer and Sirinda Sincharoen. 2006. Understanding Affirmative Action. Annu. Rev. Psychol 57: 585-611.

Crosby FJ, Cordova D. 1996. Words worth of wisdom: toward an understanding of affirmative action. J. Soc. Issues 52: 33–49.

Findley, H. E. Stevens, R. Wheatley and E. Ingram 2004. 'Modernizing Affirmative Action'. Journal of Individual Employment Rights 11(1): 15-30.

Fullinwider, Robert K. 1975. Preferential Hiring and Compensation. Social Theory and Practice (Spring): 307 – 320.

Glazer, Nathan. 1975. Affirmative Discrimination : Ethnic Inequality and Public Policy. New York: Harvard University Press.

Golden H, Hinkle S, Crosby F.J. 2001. Reactions to affirmative action: substance and semantics. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol 31: 73–88.

Goldman, Alan. 1976. Affirmative Action. Philosopy and Public Affairs 5(Winter): 178 – 195.

Heng, Pek Koon and Sieh Lee Mei Ling. 2000. The Chinese Business Community in Peninsular Malaysia, 1957-1999. Edited by Lee Kam Hing and Tan Chee Beng. The Chinese in Malaysia. Shah Alam: Oxford University Press.

Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara (INTAN). 1991. Malaysia Kita. INTAN: Kuala Lumpur.

Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara (INTAN). 1994. Dasar-Dasar Pembangunan Malaysia. INTAN: Kuala Lumpur.

Kravitz DA, Klineberg SL. 2000. Reactions to two versions of affirmative action among whites, blacks, and Hispanics. J. Appl. Psychol 85: 597–611.

Kravitz DA, Platania J. 1993. Attitudes and beliefs about affirmative action: effects of target and of respondent sex and ethnicity. J. Appl. Psychol 78: 928–38.

Lembaga Penyelidik Undang-undang. 2013. Perlembagaan Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: International Law Book services

Lim Teck Ghee, 1976. Origins Of A Colonial Economy: Land And Agriculture In Perak, 1874 – 1897. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Manuela tomei. 2005. Affirmative Action for Racial Equality : Features, Impact and Challenges. Internasional Labour Office.

Miller F. 1997. The political rhetoric of affirmative action: infusing the debate with discussions about equity and opportunity. Am. Behav. Sci. 41: 197–204.

Milne, R.S & Mauzy, D.K 1980. Politics and Government in Malaysia. Singapore: Times Books Internasional.

Myers, S.L & Chan, T. 1996. Who benefits from minority business set-asides? The case of New Jersey. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 15(2): 202-226.

Nagel, Thomas. 1973. Equal Treatment and Compensatory Discrimination. Philosophy and Public Affairs 2(Summer): 348 -363.

Ong, E. C. 2013. Affirmative Action and Sector Selection: Malaysia’s New

Economic Policy.

Snodgrass, D. R. 1980. Inequality And Economic Development In Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

Sowell, Thomas. 2004. Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study. New Haven & Londan: Yale University Press.

Stewart, F., Brown, G., & Langer, A. 2008. Policies towards horizontal inequalities. In Horizontal inequalities and conflict: Understanding group violence in multiethnic societies, edited by F. Stewart. London: Palgrave.

Thernstrom, S and Thernstrom, A. 1997. America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Weisskopf, T. E. 2006. Is Positive Discrimination a Good Way to Aid Disadvantaged Ethnic Communities? Economic and Political Weekly.

Zamboanga BL, Covell CN, Kepple SJ, Soto RD, Parker KD. 2002. White students’ perceptions of affirmative action in graduate admission: directions for programming and college personnel development. J. College Admiss 176: 22–30.

Zuriff, G. E. 2004. Is Affirmative Action fair? American Psychologist 59(2): 124–125.

Downloads

Published

2020-12-31

Issue

Vol. 4 No. 2 (2020)

Section

Archaeology & History