STUDY ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA: CASE STUDY IN KUCHING, MIRI AND SIBU (KAJIAN PENGURUSAN SISA PEPEJAL PERBANDARAN DI MALAYSIA: KAJIAN KES DI KUCHING, MIRI DAN SIBU)
Abstract
Abstract
Malaysia allocates a lot of money, time and space for the waste management services. However, the recycling programmes has remained unsuccessfull in achieving the set targets. This study was carried out in Kuching, Sibu and Miri municipalities to evaluate the communities attitude, suitability of collection services and identifying the problem and effectiveness of waste management practices and recycling programmes implemented to date. The waste management practices in three towns were determined. Surveys via questionnaires were used to determine the public awareness and public perception on recycling. Landfill capping effects on greenhouses gases emissions were also studied from three landfills in the areas under study. Standard soil classification was done, in accordance to the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). The results deduced from the data on waste recycling and composition, indicated that the composition of solid waste was dominated by food waste. This was followed by old newspapers, mixed papers, plastics, bottles/ glass and aluminium cans. The moisture content and energy value of waste was also determined as it influences the disposal option. Average solid waste generation rate per individual in Sarawak was 0.85 kg/person/day. The collection time motion study showed that the average weight of solid waste collected for the three towns was 323 kg/worker/collection hour with an efficiency of 65% of the total collection time. With this finding, it can be concluded that the efficiency of the collection system in Sarawak was quite satisfactory. The soil in Sibu had the highest plastic index (PI). The baseline emission of green house gases (GHG) was determined using the Clean Development Mechanism Project Design Document Form (CDM-PDD) version 03.1. The GHG in Kuching was 14,114 tonnes in first year while for Sibu and Miri it was 5,383 and 5,379 tonnes, respectively. Source separation and recycling behaviour (reduce, reuse and recycle) was analysed with several parameter related to public attitudes. This implies that changing public attitude is an important factor towards improving municipal solid waste management services.
Keywords:Â Wastes, Household, Recycling, Greenhouse gases
Â
Abstrak
Berjuta-juta tan sisa pepejal dijana setiap tahun. Malaysia telah membelanjakan banyak wang, masa dan ruang untuk perkhidmatan pengurusan sisa ini.  Program kitar semula kurang mencapai sasaran yang diharapkan. Kajian ini telah dijalankan di Bandar Kuching, Sibu dan Miri untuk mengetahui sikap penduduk, kesesuaian sistem kutipan, masalah dan kesesuaian program kitar semula yang pernah dilaksanakan sehingga kini. Pengurusan sisa pepejal di tiga bandar utama tersebut ditentukan. Soal selidik digunakan untuk mengetahui sikap dan persepsi orang ramai terhadap kitar semula. Kesan taruh penutup terhadap gas rumah kaca juga ditentukan di tiga tapak pelupusan di kawasan kajian. Pengelasan tanah di tapak pelupusan di analisis mengikut Standard American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). Daripada data kitar semula, sisa pepejal utama yang dihasilkan adalah sisa makanan, ini diikuti oleh suratkhabar lama, kertas, plastik, kaca dan botol serta tin aluminium. Kadar lembapan dan nilai tenaga juga ditentukan kerana ia mempengaruhi opsyen pelupusan. Kajian mendapati Sibu mempunyai kadar lembapan sisa yang paling tinggi. Purata kadar penjanaan sisa pepejal seorang dalam kawasan kajian adalah 0.85 kg seorang sehari. Kajian masa pergerakan kutipan mendapati berat purata sampah yang dikutip adalah 323 kg/pekerja/masa kutipan mewakili keberkesanan 65% daripada jumlah masa kutipan. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kecekapan sistem kutipan yang sedia ada di Sarawak adalah memuaskan. Tanah di Sibu mempunyai index plastik yang paling tinggi. Gas Kesan Rumah Kaca ditentukan menggunakan Clean Development Mechanism Project Design Document Form (CDM-PDD) versi 03.1.Didapati Gas Kesan Rumah Kaca di Kuching adalah 14,114 ton pada tahun pertama manakala di Sibu dan Miri adalah masing-masing 5,383 dan 5,379 ton. Kelakuan pengasingan di punca dan sikap kitar semula dikaji berdasarkan beberapa parameter sikap penduduk. Keputusan menunjukkan sikap penduduk merupakan faktor signifikan dalam mempengaruhi pengasingan sisa di punca. Ini menunjukkan bahawa perubahan sikap penduduk adalah penting dalam memperbaiki perkhidmatan pengurusan sisa pepejal perbandaran.
Kata kunci:Â Bahan Buangan, Isirumah, kitar semula, Gas kesan rumah kaca
References
Agamuthu.Fauziah, S.H. Khidzir, K. 2009. Evolution of solid waste management in Malaysia: impacts and implications of the solid waste bill, 2007. Journal of Mater Cycles Waste Management, 11 (2), pp. 96 – 103.
Asian Productivity Organization. 2007. Solid Waste Management: Issues and Challenges in Asia. APO, Tokyo.
Audrey, D. 2009. ‘CAP: Food Wastage Rising with affluence’. New Straits Times. Published 27 November 2009.
Bai. Sutanto, M. 2002. The practice and challenges of solid waste management in Singapore. Waste Management 22, 557–567.
Corbitt R.A. 1989. “Standard Hand Book of Environmental Engineringâ€. New York. McGraw Hill Series.
Enayetullah. I.Sinha. A.H.M.M.. Khan. S.S.A. 2005. Urban Solid Waste Management Scenario of Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects. Waste Concern Technical Documentation, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 18p.
Ghasismi, S.M.D. Tey. B.T. Ronifasla.S & Sara G. 2010. Municipal Solid Waste management at Taman Beringin Transfer Station in Malaysia, In: Lavagnolo, M.C. 2010. A glance at the World. Waste Management, 30 (2), pp. 355-359.
Kasseva, M. E. & Mbulingwe. S. E. 2005. Appraisal of solid waste collection following private sector involvement in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Habitat International, 29(2), 355–366.
Kassim, S.M. Ali. M. 2006. Solid waste collection by the private sector: households’ perspective- Findings from a case study in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania. Habitat International 30, 769–780.
Kum, V. Sharp, A.Harnpornchai, N. 2005. Improving the solid waste management in phnompench city: A strategic approach. Journal of Waste Management 25 (1), 101–109.
Osman Nuri Ag˘dag˘. 2009. Comparison of old and new municipal solid waste management systems in Denizli, Turkey. Pamukkale University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 20020 Denizli, Turkey
Saeed, M.O. Mohd. Nasir. Mujeebu, M.A. 2009. Assessment of municipal solid waste generation and recyclable materials potential in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Waste Management, Vol.29 (7), pp.2209-2213.
Siraj, M. 2006. Waste Reduction: No Longer an Option but a Necessity: in Bernam.
Talyan, V. Dahiya. R.P. Anand S.Sreekrishnan T.R. 2007. Quantification of methane emission from municipal solid waste disposal in Delhi. Resource Conservation and Recycling 50 (3), pp.240–259.
Tavares, G. Zsigraiova Z. SemiaoV & CarvalhoM.G. 2009.Optimisation of MSW collection routes for minimum fuel consumption using 3D GIS modeling. Waste Management. 29, (3), pp. 1176-1185.
Theng, L.C. &Raihani C.M. 2007. Public’s Role in Solid Waste Management. IMPAK (4). Department of Environment, Malaysia.
Thapa, G.B. 1998. Lessons learned from solid waste management in Kathmandu, Nepal. Habitat International 22 (2), 97–114.
