PELANCONGAN LESTARI MALAYSIA MENDEPANI BENCANA ALAM: KES GEMPA BUMI RANAU (2015) MALAYSIA’S SUSTAINABLE TOURISM TO FACE NATURAL DISASTER: A CASE STUDY OF RANAU EARTHQUAKE (2015)

Authors

  • Ak. Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin Calon Doktor Falsafah Fakulti Alam Bina dan Ukur (FABU), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia & Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Norfatiha Othman Pusat Pengajian Pembangunan Sosial dan Eknomi, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia & Institut Kajian Malaysia (IKMAS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Chamhuri Siwar Professor Emeritus Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Sharina Abdul Halim Pensyarah Kanan Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract

Abstrak

Integrasi pengurusan bencana alam ke dalam pembangunan pelancongan lestari kini menjadi satu keperluan yang mendesak khususnya dalam mendepani fenomena bencana alam. Sungguh pun begitu, Malaysia masih kurang inklusif dalam mempraktikkan integrasi tersebut walaupun destinasi pelancongan Malaysia turut sama dilanda bencana. Oleh itu, kajian ini bermatlamat untuk mengenal pasti situasi yang dialami pelancongan Malaysia mendepani bencana alam dengan melihat kejadian gempa bumi Ranau, Sabah sebagai kes kajian. Maka, pendekatan kemudahterancaman terhadap bencana alam diadaptasi bagi memandu kerangka kajian ini. Untuk metodologi, kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui kaedah temu bual mendalam terhadap wakil agensi terlibat dan sokongan data sekunder. Analisis tematik pula digunakan sebagai kaedah untuk menganalisis data kajian. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan kurangnya integrasi pengurusan bencana alam dalam pelancongan Ranau menerusi isu dan cabaran yang dialami mereka semasa dilanda gempa bumi. Secara tidak langsung melonggarkan keutuhan kelestarian pelancongan Ranau. Signifikannya, pengurusan bencana alam perlu diperkukuhkan dengan melibatkan usaha semua pihak khususnya komuniti pelancongan dan pihak kerajaan kerana ia merupakan salah satu struktur asas yang memangkin keberkesanan peranan pembangunan pelancongan lestari di Malaysia terutamanya mendepani bencana alam.

Kata Kunci: Pelancongan lestari, pengurusan bencana, gempa bumi, isu dan cabaran, pelancongan Malaysia

 

Abstract

The integration of natural disaster management with sustainable tourism development is an essence preparatory tool in facing the natural disaster events. However, Malaysia is lack of implementation towards the integration although the natural disaster events are inescapable including tourism destinations in Malaysia. Thus, this study aimed to identify the real situation of natural disasters events faced by Malaysia’s tourism as Ranau, Sabah earthquake event as the case study. Vulnerability approach towards natural disasters is adopted to drive the research framework. Methodologically, this study using the qualitative approach through in-depth interview to gain the information from the stakeholders (Ranau’s tourism agencies), supported with secondary data. While, thematic analysis is used as data analysis method. Overall, results show the absence of natural disaster management integration in Ranau’s tourism development which translated into the issues and challenges encountered by respondents during earthquake attacks. Eventually, disrupting the core of Ranau’s tourism sustainability. Significantly, natural disaster management needs to be strengthen by involving full participation from all stakeholders especially tourism community and thegovernment (local authority) as it is implying the fundamental structures that catalyze the effectiveness of the sustainable tourism development in Malaysia especially to endure the natural disasters.

Keywords: Sustainable tourism, disasters management, earthquake, issues and challenges, tourism Malaysia.

References

Adger, W.N., Hughes, T.P., Folke, C., Carpenter, S.R. & Rockström, J. 2005. Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science 309 (5737): 1036–1039.

Azlan Adnan & Noor Sheena. 2015. Estimation of peak ground acceleration of Ranau based on recent earthquake databases. Seminar Bencana Alam 2015.

Bogdan, R & Biklen. 2007. Qualitative Research For Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods. Pearson. Boston, MA.

Calgaro, E. & Lloyd, K. 2008. Sun, sea, sand and tsunami: Examining disaster vulnerability in the tourism community of Khao Lak, Thailand. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 29(3): 288–306.

Faulkner, B. 2001. Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management 22(2): 135–147.

Felix Tongkul, Rodeano Roslee, Baba Musta, Ismail Abdul Rahim, Kawi Bidin, Hennie Fitria W.S. Erfen & Mohamed Ali Yusuf Mohd.Husin. 2017. Perancangan pembangunan di kawasan berisiko gempa bumi: pembelajaran dari gempa bumi 5 Jun 2015 Ranau, Sabah. Dlm. Rodeano Roslee, Felix Tongkul, Efren, H. F. W., Hazerina Pungut & Mohamed Ali Yusof Mohd Husin (pnyt.). Bencana Alam ke Arah Pengurusan Bencana Yang Mapan, hlm. 49-49. Universiti Malaysia Sabah: Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam (NDRC) Universiti Malaysia Sabah.

Ferlis Bahari, Allya Cassandra, Mohd Dahlan, Lailawati Madlan, Jasmine Adela & Wan Anor. 2017. Effect of trauma distress, trauma dissociative experience and life satisfaction among earthquake victims in Sabah Malaysia. The Social Science 12(6):897-901.

Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y. & Zheng, C. 2018. Examining the relationship between social capital and community residents’ perceived resilience in tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 26(6): 973–986.

Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia. 2016. Laporan Tahunan 2016. Petaling Jaya: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia.

Kapera, I. 2018. Sustainable tourism development efforts by local governments in Poland. Sustainable Cities and Society 40(7): 581–588.

Kato. 2017. Debating sustainability in tourism development - resilience, traditional knowledge & community, a post-disaster perspective. Tourism Planning and Development 3(11): 1-13.

Kementerian Kebudayaan, Kesenian dan Pelancongan. 1996. Pelan Ekopelancongan Kebangsaan Malaysia. Petaling Jaya: WWF Malaysia.

Khamarrul Azahari Razak, Zakaria Mohamad, Razain Abd Razab, Zamri Ramli, Mohd Othman Sosi, Ahmad Zulfadli, Habibah Hanan, Rabieahtul Abu Bakar. 2015. Understanding debris flow processes and activities from high density air borne lidar data: a case study of 6.0 Mw Sabah Earthquake and Way Forward. Seminar Bencana Alam 2015.

Lembaga Pelancongan Malaysia. 2016. 2016 Key Performance Indicators. Putrajaya: Tourism Malaysia. MOTAC .2016. National Ecotourism Plan 2016-2025. Putrajaya: MOTAC.

Orchiston, C. 2012. Seismic risk scenario planning and sustainable tourism management: Christchurch and the alpine fault zone, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20(1): 59–79.

Rodeano, R., Felix, T., Hennie, F.W., Hazerina, P. & Mohamed Ali Yusof. 2017. Bencana Alam Ke Arah Pengurusan Bencana yang Mapan. Kota Kinabalu: Natural Disasters Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.

Tsai, C.H. & Chen, C.W. 2010. An earthquake disaster management mechanism based on risk assessment information for the tourism industry - a case study from the island of Taiwan. Tourism Management 31(4): 470–481.

Tsaur, S.H., Lin, Y.C. & Lin, J.H. 2006. Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated perspective of resource, community and tourism. Tourism Management 27(4): 640–653.

United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 2011. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/map_613.pdf

UNWTO & UNEP. 2005. Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers. Madrid: UNWTO dan Paris: UNEP.

USGS. 2015. M 6.0 - 14km WNW of Ranau, Malaysia https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20002m5s/shakemap/intensity. [09 August 2017]

Worden, C. B., Gerstenberger, M. C., Rhoades, D. A. &Wald, D. J. 2012. Probabilistic Relationships between Ground-Motion Parameters and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102 (1): 204–221.

World Tourism Organization 2018. UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2018 Edition. Madrid: UNWTO.

Downloads

Published

2019-06-19

Issue

Section

Environment & Landscape