PANTANG LARANG SUKU KEDAYAN DI BRUNEI: ANALISIS BERDASARKAN TEORI PRAGMATIK DAN ETNOGRAFI PERTUTURAN (THE KEDAYANS’ PROHIBITIONS AT MATERNAL PROCESS: A RELEVANT AND ETHNOGRAPHY OF SPEECH ANALYSIS)

Abstract

Abstrak

Suku Kedayan adalah salah satu daripada tujuh suku yang diakui di Brunei. Mereka tersebar di seluruh negara Brunei Darussalam. Dari segi linguistik, dialek mereka berbeza dengan dialek Melayu Brunei. Namun oleh kerana mereka beragama Islam, mereka digelar sebagai “suku Melayu†dalam konteks negara Brunei. Pada zaman dulu, suku Kedayan adalah animism dan merupakan petani dan pembuat ubat tradisional yang terkenal. Dalam kehidupan seharian mereka, mereka mengamalkan berbagai pantang larang, menggunakan mantera, dukun dan sebagainya. Artikel ini tertumpu pada menganalisis pantang larang yang diamalkan semasa proses hamil dan bersalin. Kerangka teoretikal yang digunakan ialah Rangka Rujuk Silang dalam teori Relevan. Pada dasarnya, rangka ini mampu mencungkil makna implisit yang terkandung dalam ujaran sesuatu pantang larang. Pendengar dari suku Kedayan mampu memahami makna tersirat dengan membina andaian-andaian yang berkaitan atau merujuk kepada maklumat ensiklopedia yang dimiliki oleh mereka, meskipun terdapat pantang larang yang tiada anteseden sebagai panduan. Namun demikian, terdapat pantang larang yang sebaliknya, iaitu tidak mampu memberi makna yang dikehendaki walaupun telah ada andaian-andaian dibina. Pantang larang jenis ini lazimnya berkait dengan kepercayaan yang bersifat tidak realistik, metafizik dan tidak nyata. Sehubungan dengan itu, untuk mentafsir makna sebenarnya pantang larang jenis ini, pendekatan etnografi pertuturan diperlukan untuk huraian

Kata kunci: Teori relevans, rangka rujuk silang, etnografi, kedayan

 

Abstract

Kedayan is one of the seven native tribes in Brunei. They distributed throughout the country, from the coastal to the hinterland area. Although linguistically Kedayan language differ from Brunei Malay dialect, as they are Muslim, they are considered as “Malay†under the Constitution Law of Brunei. In the past, Kedayan is an animist, ancestor worship and the interior tribe which agriculturalists and the experts in making traditional medicines. In their daily life, they practiced traditional beliefs such as sacred prohibitions, taboos, using incantation in their life activities etc. This article aims to analyze the prohibitions implemented at their maternal process, i.e. at the antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum period. In terms of theoretical framework, the discussions will base on the Bridging Reference Approach in Relevant Theory. This approach is appropriate in identifying the implicit assumptions or contextual existed in the utterance of a prohibition. All the samples of prohibitions presented in this article are observed optimally relevant to the hearer since the Kedayan women were equipped with the existing assumptions or sufficient contexts about their traditional prohibitions. They can well understand the meanings that not stated explicitly in the prohibitions. An utterance of prohibitions, even the antecedent stated implicitly, they still capable to acquire the meaning of the prohibition by referred to their cultural information background or encyclopedic knowledge. However, there have some prohibitions that unable to explain by interpreting its assumptions or contextual. This kind of prohibitions are closed related to culture believing which are non-realistic, metaphysical and intangible. Hence in order to interpret the actual meanings of this utterance, the ethnography approach should apply to explain this “unacceptable†assumptions.

Keywords: Relevant theory, bridging cross reference, ethnography, kedayan