ARKEOLOGI GUA KEMIRI: ANALISIS TEMBIKAR TANAH DAN PERKAITANNYA DENGAN JUMPAAN DI TAPAK PRASEJARAH LAIN DI LEMBAH NENGGIRI
ARCHAEOLOGY OF KEMIRI CAVE: ANALYSIS OF EARTHENWARE FINDINGS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH FINDINGS AT OTHER PREHISTORIC SITES IN THE NENGGIRI VALLEY
Abstract
Abstrak
Penemuan tembikar prasejarah di Malaysia memberikan gambaran penting tentang kehidupan dan budaya masyarakat zaman tersebut. Penyelidikan terdahulu di Lembah Nenggiri lebih memberi tumpuan kepada analisis tipologi dan morfologi tembikar, namun kajian perbandingan antara tembikar yang ditemui di Gua Kemiri dan tapak-tapak lain seperti Gua Cha, Gua Peraling, dan Gua Jaya masih terhad. Perbandingan ini penting untuk memahami hubungan antara tapak arkeologi di sekitar Gua Kemiri. Oleh itu, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk melihat perkaitan antara Gua Kemiri dan tapak sekitarnya, serta perbandingan tembikar yang ditemui di gua-gua tersebut. Penemuan terbaru di Gua Kemiri menunjukkan bahawa tembikar bukan hanya digunakan secara meluas dalam kalangan komuniti prasejarah, tetapi juga mencadangkan hubungan perdagangan dengan komuniti luar. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan dan kesinambungan dalam teknik pembuatan, bentuk, serta fungsi sosial tembikar di pelbagai tapak arkeologi di Hulu Kelantan. Kajian ini juga turut melibatkan kimia seperti teknik X-Ray diffraction (XRD) dan X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) beberapa tapak prasejarah di Lembah Nenggiri ini untuk mengenal pasti komposisi mineral tembikar dan menilai teknik pembuatan serta hubungan perdagangan dan pengaruh budaya luar. Artifak tembikar yang ditemui di Gua Kemiri terdiri daripada 419 serpihan tembikar dan sebuah bekas tembikar lengkap dengan penutup. Corak hiasan yang paling banyak ditemui adalah cord-marked (264 serpihan), diikuti dengan corak plain (123 serpihan), manakala corak abstrak dan geometri ditemui dalam jumlah kecil. Kajian ini memberi perspektif tentang kehidupan harian, identiti budaya, dan interaksi sosial masyarakat prasejarah, serta memperkayakan pemahaman mengenai hubungan antara komuniti dan pengaruh budaya luar. Penemuan tembikar di Gua Kemiri memberikan sumbangan penting dalam memahami perkembangan teknologi, budaya, dan struktur sosial masyarakat prasejarah di Hulu Kelantan.
Kata kunci: Tembikar prasejarah, perbandingan tembikar, teknik pembuatan tembikar, corak hiasan, hubungan perdagangan, kebudayaan prasejarah
Abstract
The discovery of prehistoric pottery in Malaysia provides important insights into the life and culture of ancient societies. Previous research in the Nenggiri Valley has focused more on the typology and morphology of pottery; however, comparative studies between the pottery found at Gua Kemiri and other sites such as Gua Cha, Gua Peraling, and Gua Jaya are still limited. This comparison is essential for understanding the connections between archaeological sites around Gua Kemiri. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the relationships between Gua Kemiri and its surrounding sites, as well as compare the pottery found at these caves. The recent findings at Gua Kemiri indicate that pottery was not only widely used among prehistoric communities but also suggests trade connections with coastal communities. This study aims to analyze changes and continuities in the manufacturing techniques, forms, and social functions of pottery across various archaeological sites in Hulu Kelantan. The research also involves chemical analysis, such as XRF and XRD, of several prehistoric sites in the Nenggiri Valley to identify the mineral composition of the pottery and assess manufacturing techniques, trade relations, and external cultural influences. The pottery artifacts found at Gua Kemiri include 419 pottery shards and a complete pottery vessel with a lid. The most common decorative motif found is cord-marked (264 shards), followed by plain (123 shards), with abstract and geometric patterns found in smaller quantities. This study offers perspectives on the daily life, cultural identity, and social interactions of prehistoric societies, enriching our understanding of the relationships between communities and external cultural influences. The discovery of pottery at Gua Kemiri makes a significant contribution to understanding the technological, cultural, and social developments of prehistoric societies in Hulu Kelantan.
Keywords: Prehistoric pottery, pottery comparison, pottery manufacturing techniques, decorative patterns, trade relations, prehistoric culture
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