SYNTAX OF SENTENCE-FINAL PARTICLES IN CHANGDE DIALECT
(SINTAKSIS AYAT-PARTIKEL AKHIR DALAM DIALEK CHANGDE)
Abstract
Abstract
This paper investigates the syntax and semantic functions of four sentence-final particles (SFPs) in the Changde dialect: ta, po, sa, and me. Adopting the Cartographic Theory framework, we analyze the hierarchical positions and core functions of these particles. Ta marks clause finiteness and indicates relevance to the current state, occupying the Finite Phrase (FinP). Po, an interrogative particle, encodes sentence force and is positioned in the Force Phrase (ForceP). Sa conveys the speaker’s impatient attitude and occupies the Attitude Phrase (AttP). While, me, a discourse particle indicates shared common ground and occupies the Discourse Phrase (DiscourseP) at the highest level. These particles exhibit rigid ordering constraints, reflecting their distinct syntactic and functional roles. This study enhances the understanding of SFPs in lesser-studied Chinese dialects and provides evidence supporting Rizzi's (1997) split-CP hypothesis. By examining the Changde dialect, it also contributes to the broader cross-linguistic study of SFPs and their syntactic structures.
Keywords: Sentence-final particles (SFPs); changde dialect; cartographic theory; semantic functions; hierarchical position.
Abstrak
Makalah ini menyiasat fungsi sintaksis dan semantik empat zarah akhir ayat (SFP) dalam dialek Changde: ta, po, sa dan saya. Mengguna pakai rangka kerja Teori Kartografi, kami menganalisis kedudukan hierarki dan fungsi teras zarah ini. Ta menandakan keterbatasan klausa dan menunjukkan kaitan dengan keadaan semasa, menduduki Frasa Terhingga (FinP). Po, zarah interogatif, mengekodkan daya ayat dan diletakkan dalam Frasa Daya (ForceP). Sa menyampaikan sikap tidak sabar penutur dan menduduki Frasa Sikap (AttP). Manakala, saya, partikel wacana menunjukkan titik persamaan dan menduduki Frasa Wacana (DiscourseP) pada tahap tertinggi. Zarah-zarah ini mempamerkan kekangan susunan yang tegar, mencerminkan peranan sintaksis dan fungsian yang berbeza. Kajian ini meningkatkan pemahaman SFP dalam dialek Cina yang kurang dipelajari dan menyediakan bukti yang menyokong hipotesis split-CP Rizzi (1997). Dengan meneliti dialek Changde, ia juga menyumbang kepada kajian silang linguistik SFP yang lebih luas dan struktur sintaksisnya.
Kata kunci: Zarah akhir ayat (SFP); dialek changde; teori kartografi; fungsi semantik; kedudukan hierarki
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