A REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF EL NIÑO–SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE IN MALAYSIA
MENYINGKAP KESAN EL NIÑO–SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) TERHADAP CUACA DAN IKLIM SERTA STRATEGI ADAPTASI DI MALAYSIA
Abstract
Abstract
This article reviews the influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon on weather and climate patterns in Malaysia, with a focus on temperature and rainfall variability. A literature review approach was employed, analyzing ten selected studies on ENSO in the Malaysian context. Findings indicate that El Niño is generally associated with increased temperatures and reduced rainfall, while La Niña tends to cause heavier rainfall and impacts on marine activities. Various methodologies, including statistical, correlation, and spatial analyses, were used to evaluate ENSO’s effects. Based on the review, the article also proposes several adaptation and mitigation strategies, such as enhanced climate forecasting systems, disaster risk management, and strengthened climate policy frameworks. This study aims to provide a more focused overview of ENSO and support national responses to extreme climate events in Malaysia.
Keywords: El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Malaysia, weather variability, adaptation, mitigation
Abstrak
Artikel ini meninjau pengaruh fenomena El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) terhadap cuaca dan iklim di Malaysia, khususnya perubahan suhu dan taburan hujan. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan tinjauan literatur terhadap sepuluh artikel terpilih berkaitan ENSO dalam konteks Malaysia. Dapatan menunjukkan fasa El Niño lazimnya dikaitkan dengan peningkatan suhu dan pengurangan hujan, manakala La Niña menyebabkan hujan lebat serta impak terhadap aktiviti marin. Pelbagai metodologi seperti analisis statistik, korelasi dan spatial digunakan untuk menilai kesan fenomena ini. Berdasarkan sorotan tersebut, artikel ini turut mengemukakan cadangan strategi adaptasi dan mitigasi seperti peningkatan sistem ramalan iklim, pengurusan bencana, dan pemerkasaan dasar perubahan iklim. Diharapkan artikel ini dapat menyumbang kepada pemahaman yang lebih berfokus serta membantu perancangan respons terhadap perubahan iklim ekstrem di Malaysia.
Kata Kunci: El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Malaysia, variasi cuaca, adaptasi, mitigasi
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