PERKEMBANGAN PERANAN PEMBESAR DI PAHANG: TINJAUAN AWAL MELALUI PENDEKATAN PENSEJARAHAN PERUNDANGAN
THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF THE PAHANG CHIEFTAINS: A PRELIMINARY REVIEW THROUGH THE HISTORICO-LEGAL APPROACH
Abstract
Abstrak
Kajian ini meneliti perkembangan peranan pembesar di Pahang merentasi tiga fasa utama sejarah iaitu fasa pra-kolonial, kolonial dan pasca-kolonial dengan menggunakan pendekatan pensejarahan perundangan (historico-legal). Kajian sedia ada masih bersifat deskriptif dan belum menghubungkan perubahan peranan pembesar secara sistematik dengan instrumen perundangan yang membentuknya. Berasaskan metodologi historico-legal ini yang menggabungkan sejarah perundangan dalaman dan luaran, objektif kajian ini ialah untuk menganalisis sumber primer seperti Hukum Kanun Pahang, Perjanjian 1887, Perjanjian 1888, Persetiaan Persekutuan 1895 serta rekod pentadbiran kolonial bagi mengenal pasti faktor perundangan yang secara langsung mencorakkan transformasi institusi pembesar. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa penghakisan kuasa dan peranan pembesar bukan berlaku secara semula jadi atau melalui proses sosio-politik semata-mata, tetapi melalui satu siri tindakan perundangan yang disengajakan dan disahkan secara de jure, khususnya setelah pengenalan Sistem Residen British. Klausa pengecualian agama dan adat dalam Perjanjian 1888 dikenal pasti sebagai alat strategik untuk mengasingkan Islam dan adat Melayu daripada domain pentadbiran kerajaan, seterusnya menyingkirkan pembesar daripada kuasa fiskal, kehakiman dan eksekutif. Walaupun demikian, sistem pembesar tidak terkubur. Sebaliknya ia diserapkan ke dalam struktur kolonial melalui proses functional co-optation dan kekal memainkan fungsi adat, istiadat dan wibawa diraja dalam era moden. Artikel ini mencadangkan rangka pembaharuan peranan pembesar yang lebih selari dengan keperluan semasa seperti upaya adaptasi dan mitigasi impak perubahan iklim, termasuk integrasi peranan pembesar sebagai penghubung komuniti dalam proses perancangan pihak berkuasa tempatan. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa institusi pembesar masih mempunyai nilai strategik dalam tadbir urus moden apabila dianalisis melalui kerangka historico-legal dan jurisprudens Islam. Kajian ini mengisi jurang penting dalam literatur dengan menelusuri hubungan sebab-akibat antara undang-undang, kuasa, dan perkembangan peranan pembesar secara komprehensif.
Kata kunci: Peranan Pembesar, Pahang, Pensejarahan Perundangan, Perubahan Iklim.
Abstract
This study examines the evolution of the roles of the pembesar (chieftains) in Pahang across three major historical phases — pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial — using the historico-legal approach. Existing scholarship remains largely descriptive and has yet to systematically connect the changing roles of the pembesar with the legal instruments that shaped them. Based on this historico-legal methodology, which integrates both internal and external legal history, the objective of this study is to analyse primary sources such as the Hukum Kanun Pahang, the Treaties of 1887 and 1888, the 1895 Federation Agreement, as well as colonial administrative records, to identify the legal factors that directly influenced the transformation of the pembesar institution. The findings reveal that the erosion of the pembesar’s powers and functions did not occur naturally or solely through socio-political processes, but rather through a series of deliberate legal actions that were formally sanctioned, particularly following the introduction of the British Residential System. The religious and customary exemption clause in the 1888 Treaty is identified as a strategic tool used to separate Islam and Malay custom from the domain of governmental administration, thereby removing the pembesar from fiscal, judicial, and executive authority. Nevertheless, the pembesar institution did not disappear. Instead, it was absorbed into the colonial structure through a process of functional co-optation and continued to play roles related to custom, ceremony, and royal prestige in the modern era. This article proposes a framework to reform and revitalise the role of the pembesar in ways that align with contemporary needs, including climate change adaptation and mitigation, such as integrating the pembesar as community intermediaries in local authority planning processes. The study concludes that the pembesar institution retains strategic value in modern governance when analysed through the historico-legal lens and Islamic jurisprudence. It fills an important gap in the literature by tracing the causal relationship between law, power, and the development of the pembesar’s role in a comprehensive manner.
Keywords: Role of Pembesar, Pahang, Historico-Legal Approach, Climate Change.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing
Authors who publish with Asian Journal of Environment, History and Heritage (AJEHH) agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
- This license permits anyone to share and adapt the work for any purpose, even commercially, provided appropriate credit is given to the author(s) and the source.
- By submitting to this journal, authors accept that, if their manuscript is accepted, it will be published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.