ISU-ISU PERSEMPADANAN DARAT BRITISH NORTH BORNEO COMPANY (BORNEO UTARA) DAN HINDIA TIMUR BELANDA (BORNEO TIMUR) ANTARA TAHUN 1891-1912

THE BRITISH NORTH BORNEO COMPANY (NORTH BORNEO) AND THE NEDERLANDS-INDIE (OOST-BORNEO) LAND BORDER ISSUES BETWEEN 1891-1912

Abstract

Abstrak 

Kajian ini meneliti isu persempadanan darat sebagai satu proses yang kompleks dalam dalam konteks Borneo Utara dan Borneo Timur antara tahun 1891-1912. Isu persempadanan darat tidak hanya melibatkan penentuan garis fizikal semata-mata, tetapi turut dipengaruhi oleh faktor teknikal, perundangan, geografi dan politik kolonial. Dalam tempoh ini, proses penetapan sempadan sering berdepan pelbagai isu yang menjadi cabaran seperti kekangan pemetaan yang terhad, ketidaktepatan data geografi, pertindihan tuntutan kedaulatan, serta perbezaan tafsiran terhadap perjanjian antarabangsa dan perjanjian tempatan. Kajian ini berhujah bahawa kegagalan untuk menyelaraskan kepentingan pentadbiran kolonial dengan realiti geografi dan struktur kuasa tempatan telah menyumbang kepada ketidakjelasan sempadan darat yang berpanjangan. Melalui pendekatan sejarah ke atas dokumen perjanjian, laporan resmi dan pemetaan kolonial serta analisis sejarah, kajian ini mendapati bahawa isu persempadanan darat berterusan dan diwarisi oleh kedua wilayah ini pada abad ke-20 Masihi.

Kata kunci: Sempadan darat, Borneo Utara, Borneo Timur, British, Belanda

Abstract 

This study examines the issue of land demarcation as a complex process in the context of North Borneo and Oost-Borneo between 1891-1912. The issue of land demarcation not only involves the determination of physical lines, but is also influenced by technical, legal, geographical and colonial political factors. During this period, the process of demarcation often faced various issues that became challenges such as limited mapping constraints, inaccuracy of geographical data, overlapping claims of sovereignty, as well as differences in interpretation of international and local treaties. This study argues that the failure to reconcile the interests of colonial administration with the geographical reality and local power structures has contributed to the prolonged ambiguity of land boundaries. Through a historical approach to treaty documents, official reports and colonial mapping as well as historical analysis, this study finds that the issue of land demarcation continues and is inherited by both territorials in the 20th century AD. 

Keywords: Land Border, North Borneo, Oost-Borneo, British, Dutch