Cabaran Dalam Pencegahan dan Kawalan Plasmodium Knowlesi Malaria Di Rantau Asia Tenggara – Ulasan Naratif: Challenges in the Prevention and Control of Plasmodium Knowlesi Malaria in the Southeast Asian Region – A Narrative Review

Shahrul Azhar Md Hanif; Nazarudin Safian; Ahmad Farid Nazmi Abdul Halim; Muhammad Ridzwan Rafi’i; Qistina Mohd Ghazali; Nurul Athirah Naserrudin; Mohd Rohaizat Hassan

Authors

Shahrul Azhar Md Hanif Jabatan Perubatan Kesihatan Awam, Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Nazarudin Safian Jabatan Perubatan Kesihatan Awam, Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ahmad Farid Nazmi Abdul Halim Jabatan Perubatan Kesihatan Awam, Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6488-2450
Muhammad Ridzwan Rafi’i Jabatan Perubatan Kesihatan Awam, Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7888-9565
Qistina Mohd Ghazali Jabatan Perubatan Kesihatan Awam, Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Nurul Athirah Naserrudin Pusat Penyelidikan Perkhidmatan Kesihatan, Institut Penyelidikan Sistem Kesihatan, Institut Kesihatan Negara, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia,, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohd Rohaizat Hassan Jabatan Perubatan Kesihatan Awam, Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-6532

Keywords:

Malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, challenges, obstacles, review, Cabaran, Halangan, Naratif

Abstract

Introduction:

Despite the success of the human malaria elimination campaign, there is an alarming rise in Plasmodium knowlesi (P. knowlesi) malaria infections among humans in the Southeast Asian region. A thorough grasp of the challenges in preventing and controlling this zoonotic malaria must be addressed, particularly when determining the most effective strategy to halt the disease's transmission.

Methodology:

A comprehensive literature review was conducted using specific keywords in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Relevant articles were assessed for thematic trends. Overall, 32 articles were selected for this narrative.

Results:

Human heterogeneity, such as local socioeconomic and sociocultural variability, low perception and optimal adherence to prevention and control measures, must be tackled with. Issues of national funding, program implementation, and bureaucratic red tape must be overcome to effectively manage the role that the government and multisectoral collaboration play in managing malaria. Successfulness of a program will be hampered if there is no support from community leaders and interplay with social dynamics. The Anopheles mosquito's adaptability is primarily responsible for the challenges encountered in vector control. The effects of ecological shifts and climate change, coupled with anthropogenic activities, create zoonotic spillovers and adaptive variation that alter the landscape of sylvian and human transmission.

Conclusions:

Challenges from various factors reduce the effectiveness in preventing and controlling transmission of this disease. New approaches must be developed to reach affected areas with long-term, comprehensive and effective interventions.

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