The typology of connectivity in landscape architecture: A review of studies on Landscape Connectivity (LC)

Masoumeh Sazandeh, Mohsen Faizi, Seyed Abbas Yazdanfar, Mostafa Behzadfar

Abstract


Connectivity is an important landscape characteristic that is essential for health, welfare and aesthetic values in human societies as well as for the protection of native ecosystems. Diversity in objectives, approaches, definitions and methods in studies on connectivity and its widespread use in the field of landscape ecology are reasons why Landscape Connectivity (LC) in landscape architecture has been deemed as the counterpart of Ecological Connectivity leading to neglect of other aspects of this comprehensive concept. This study, reviews and classifies studies carried out in the field of landscape with a focus on connectivity in order to achieve a comprehensive definition of LC and its various components in landscape architecture literature. The research method used in this study was quantitative-qualitative. In the first phase, the literature was collected using library research and internet search via a descriptive-analytical approach. Then, an inductive constructionist strategy using Delphi technique was used to classify and categorize relevant studies, and logical argumentation was used to develop the concept of LC in landscape architecture literature. Finally, the objectivist Descriptive/Synthetic Modelling strategy was used to provide a conceptual model of urban landscape connectivity (ULC). The key finding of this study is the researcher-made conceptual model of ULC, its corresponding components and parameters with the viewpoint of landscape architecture.


Keywords


Connectivity, Elements of Landscape Connectivity, Landscape Connectivity, Urban Landscape Connectivity

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alberti, M. (2005). The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function. International Regional Science Review. 28(2):168-192.

Alexander, C. (2008). A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. Persian translation by Reza Karbala'i Nouri. Architecture & Urban Development Research Institute.

Antonson, H., Gustafsson, M., Angelstam, P. (2010). Cultural heritage connectivity. A tool for EIA in transportation infrastructure planning. Transportation Research Part D. 15: 463-472.

Asadpur A. (2014). A model for representation of river as an urban landscape (the case of Khoshk River in Shiraz). A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy. Iran University of Science and Technology. School of Architecture. p. 16.

Badland, H., Schofield, G. (2005). Transport, urban design, and physical activity: an evidence-based update. Transportation Research Part D. 10: 177-196.

Bennet, A.F. (1998). Linkages in the Landscape. The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: 254.

Bergsten, A., Zetterberg, A. (2013). To model the landscape as a network: A practitioner’s perspective. Landscape and Urban Planning. 119: 35– 43.

Campoli, J. (2013). Made for Walking: Density and Neighborhood Form. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Carvalho, F.M.V., De Marco P.Jr., Ferreira, L.G. (2009). The Cerrado into-pieces: habitat fragmentation as a function of landscape use in the savannas of central Brazil. Biological Conservation. 142: 1392–1403.

Chon, J. H. (2004). Aesthetic Responses To Urban Greenway Trail Corridors: Implications For Sustainable Development In Tourism And Recreation Settings. A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy. Texas A&M University :25.

Cook, E. A. (2000). Ecological Networks in Urban Landscapes, Wageningen University Doctoral Dissertation. Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Crooks, K.R., Sanjayan, M. (2006). Connectivity Conservation. Conservation Biology. vol. 14. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

Daneshpur, A. H., Reza Zadeh, R., Sojoudi, F., Mahmoudi, M. (2013). Investigation of the function and meaning of a modern city in terms of form from the perspective if layer semiotics. Journal of Architecture and Urban Design. 11: 87-71.

Davidson, C. (1998). Issues in measuring landscape fragmentation. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 26: 32–37.

Dutcher, D.D. Finley, J.C., Luloff, A.E., Buttolph Johnson, J., (2007). Connectivity with nature as a measure of environmental values. Environment and Behavior. 39: 474–493.

Fabos, J.Gy. (1995). Introduction and overview: the greenway movement, uses and potentials of greenways. Landscape and Urban Planning. 33:1-13.

Fisher, J., Lindenmayer, D.B. (2007). Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 16: 265–280.

Forman, R. T. T. & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape ecology. New York, NY: John Wiley.

Forman, R.T.T. (1995). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Forman, R. T. T. (2008). Urban regions: ecology and planning beyond the city. New York, NY: Cambridge.

Goodwin, B. J. (2003). Is landscape connectivity a dependent or independent variable? landscape Ecology. 18: 687-699.

Gharib, F. (2004). The feasibility of walking and bike paths in old Tehran. Fine Arts Jourbnal. 19: 28-17.

Habibi M. (2001). Tourists walking paths. Fine Arts Journal. 9: 51-43.

Hough, M. (2004). Cities & Natural Process; A Basis for Sustainability. (2th edition). London: Routledge.

Hsu, C. C., Sandford, B. A. (2007), The Delphi Technique: Making Sense Of Consensu. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation. Vol (12): No 10: 1-8.

Jaeger, J.A.G., Bertiller, R., Schwick, C., Müller, K., Steinmeier, C., Ewald, K.C., Ghazoul, J. (2008). Implementing landscape fragmentation as an indicator in the Swiss monitoring system of sustainable development (MONET). Journal of Environmental Management. 88: 737–751.

Keyghobadi, N., Roland, J., Strobecj, C. (2005). Genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations of the alpine butterfly. Parnassius smintheus, vary with landscape connectivity. Molecular Ecology. 14: 1897–1909.

Kindlmann, P., Burel, F. (2008). Connectivity measures: a review. Landscape Ecology. 23: 879-890.

Leitao, A., Ahern, J. (2002). Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning. Landscape ans Urban Planning. 59: 65-93.

Li, M., Huang, C., Zhu, Z., Shi, H., Lu, H., Peng, S. (2009). Assessing rates of forest change and fragmentation in Alabama, USA, using the vegetation change tracker model.Forest Ecology and Management. 257: 1480–1488.

Lynch, K. (1971). Site Planning. The MIT. Press, USA.

Makhzoumi,J. Pungetti, G. (1999). Ecological landscape design & Planning. Epson.London: 6.

Matthew, C., Tim, H., Taner, O., & Steve, T. (2003). Public Places and Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. (translated in Persian by Fariba Leghaei, Mahshid Shokoohi, Zahra Ahari, and Esmaeil Salehi). Tehran University Press. 28-72, 26-73.

May, R. (2006). ‘‘Connectivity’’ in urban rivers: Conflict and convergence between ecology and design. Technology in Society. 28: 477–488.

Mitchell, W.J. (1999). E-Topia: Urban Life, Jim- But not as we know it. MIT press. Cambridge. Mass: 7.

Moeini, S. M. (2006). Walkable cities. Azarakhsh Publications. Tehran.

Munroe, D.K., Nagendra, H., Southworth, J. (2007). Monitoring landscape fragmentation in an inaccessible mountain area: Celaque National Park, Western Honduras. Landscape and Urban Planning. 83: 154–167.

Noss, R.F. (1991). Landscape connectivity: different functions at different scales. In:Hudson, W.E. (Ed.). Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity: Defenses of Wildlife.Island Press. Washington. DC: 27–39.

Pakzad J. (2007). Guidelines for the design of urban space. Shahidi Publications. Tehran. pp. 300-271.

Parivar, P., Faryadi, Sh., Yavari, A. R., Salehi, I., Harati, P. (2013). The expansion of ecological sustainability strategies for increased resiliency in urban environment (case study: Regions 1 and 3 of Tehran). Journal of Ecology. 39: 132-123.

Park, S. H. (2011). Ecological Connectivity Assessment and Urban Dimensions: A Case of Phoenix Metropolitan Landscape. A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy. Arizona state university: 33.

Serret, H., Raymond, R., Foltête, J., Clergeau, P., Simon, L., Machon, N. (2014). Potential contributions of green spaces at business sites to the ecological network in an urban agglomeration: The case of the Ile-de-France region, France Landscape and Urban Planning. 131: 27–35.

Sternberg, E. (2000). An Integrative Theory of Urban Design. Journal of American Planning Association. 66: 265–267.

Su, Y., Chen, X., Liao, J., Zhang, H., Wang, C., Ye, Y., Wang, Y. (2016). Modeling the optimal ecological security pattern for guiding the urban constructed land expansions. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 19: 35–46.

Swaffield, S. & Deming, M. E. (2011). Research strategies in landscape architecture: mapping the terrain. Journal of Landscape Architectur. 34-45.

Taghvaei, H. (2012). Landscape architecture: Introduction to the definitions and theoretical foundations. Shahid Beheshti University Publications. Tehran. 135.

Taylor, P.D., Fahrig, L., Henein, K., Merriam, G. (1993), Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos.

(3): 571-573.

Tian Y., Jim C.Y, Tao Y., Shi T. (2011). Landscape ecological assessment of green space fragmentation in Hong Kong. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 10: 79–86.

Tischendorf, L., Fahring, L. (2000). On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity. Oikos. 90: 7-19.

Warren, R. (1998). The Urban Oasis: Guideways and greenways in the human environment. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Wheater, C. P. (1999). Urban Habitats. London: Routledge.

Zimmerer, K., Bell, M. (2015). Time for change: The legacy of a Euro-Andean model of landscape versus the need for landscape connectivity. Landscape and Urban Planning. 139: 104–116.

Online resources

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/connectivity, on 10 Jan 2017.

http://wos.daneshgostar.org/, on 15 Feb 2017.

http://translate.google.com, on 17 10 Jan 2017.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.