LICHEN (DIRINARIA SP.) AS BIO-INDICATORS FOR DETERMINING ATMOSPHERIC HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION AT SELECTED INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN MALAYSIA (LIKEN (DIRINARI SP.) SEBAGAI PENUNJUK BIOLOGI DALAM MENENTUKAN KEPEKATAN LOGAM BERAT ATMOSFERA DI KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN TERPILIH DI MALAYSIA)
Abstract
Abstract
Heavy metals have been found in the vicinity for a long time. In Malaysia, air pollution still measured using instrumental approach. Hence, this study used lichen as biological indicator to measure air pollution. Study been conducted in four different locations which are Rumah Tumbuhan, UKM (Control station), Section 51 Industrial Area, Petaling Jaya, Spring Crest Industrial Area, Batu Caves and Nilai Industrial Area, Negeri Sembilan. This study used lichen Dirinaria sp. an endemic species of tropical country as the biological indicator. Heavy metals been analyzed using ICP-OES and motor vehicles frequency for every sampling location recorded. One way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation used to test the relationship between heavy metals and sampling locations also relationship between heavy metals and motor vehicle frequency. Result shows that heavy metals such as Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb have been recorded. One way ANOVA test shows there is significant relationship between heavy metals and sampling locations where F is 2.7728 and P-value is 0.0001 (where P is significant when < 0.05). Pearson’s correlation also shows the relationships between all heavy metals recorded with motor vehicles frequency are significant where all the P value are< 0.05. Heavy metals are so much related with motor vehicles frequency in the particular location. Higher frequency of motor vehicles will produce higher heavy metals concentration in the vicinity. Lichen can be used as the alternative approach in determining the heavy metals content in the environment.
Keywords: Heavy metals, Lichens, Air pollution, Environmental management, Urban ecosystem
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Abstrak
Logam berat telah lama ditemui wujud di persekitaran. Di Malaysia, pencemaran udara diukur menggunakan pendekatan instrumental. Oleh itu, kajian ini menggunakan liken sebagai penunjuk biologi bagi mengukur pencemaran udara. Kajian ini telah dijalankan di empat kawasan kajian iaitu Rumah Tumbuhan UKM (Stesyen kawalan), Kawasan Perindustrian Seksyen 51, Petaling Jaya, Kawasan Perindustrian Spring Crest, Batu Caves dan Kawasan Perindustrian Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. Kajian ini juga menggunakan liken Dirinaria sp. yang merupakan spesies yang endemik di kawasan tropika sebagai penunjuk biologi. Logam berat dianalisis menggunakan ICP-OES dan kepadatan kenderaan bermotor diambil bagi setiap stesen persampelan. ANOVA sehala dan Korelasi Pearson digunakan bagi menguji hubungan di antara logam berat dan juga kawasan persampelan serta hubungan di antara logam berat dan kepadatan kenderaan bermotor. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan logam berat seperti Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn dan Pb berjaya direkodkan. Analisis ANOVA sehala menunjukkan ada hubungan signifikan di antara logam berat dengan kawasan persampelan di mana F adalah 2.7728 dan Nilai P adalah 0.0001 (P adalah signifikan pada < 0.05). Korelasi Pearson juga menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan di antara kesemua logam berat dengan kepadatan kenderaan bermotor yang direkodkan di mana semua Nilai P adalah < 0.05. Logam berat adalah sangat berkait rapat dengan kepadatan kenderaan bermotor di sesuatu kawasan.Semakin tinggi kepadatan kenderaan bermotor semakin tinggi kepekatan logam berat di sesuatu kawasan itu. Liken juga boleh digunakan sebagai pendekatan alternatif di dlaam penentuan logam berat di persekitaran.
Kata kunci: Logam berat, Liken, Pencemaran udara, Pengurusan persekitaran, Ekosistem bandarReferences
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