Pencemaran Air Sungai dengan logam Litium dan Antimoni serta Impak Kesihatan Tiroid: Ulasan Naratif

River Water Pollution with Lithium and Antimony Associated to Thyroid Health Impact: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Introduction:

Environmental factors account for 30% of the community's risk of developing thyroid dysfunction. Recently, river water pollution with heavy metals such as Lithium (Li) and Antimony (Sb) has become a concern of researchers worldwide, especially regarding its impact on human thyroid health.

Methodology:

This narrative review uses databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using specific search keywords. In addition to the databases, as mentioned earlier, searches are also carried out using the "snowball" technique, self-selection and searching of articles involving references from the initial search strategies are also performed

Result:

Several studies show the level of water pollution by Li and Sb in some countries. Exporting countries Li and Sb through mining activities were found to have the highest values for water pollution by both these heavy metals. In addition, developed countries have higher levels of Li and Sb pollution in water than developing countries. Exposure to Li through drinking water may affect thyroid function, in line with known side effects of serum lithium treatment associated with an increased risk of Li hypothyroidism. Three studies also showed a correlation that environmental exposure to Sb may increase the risk of thyroid disease with Sb urine being significantly associated with an increased likelihood of thyroid dysfunction.

Conclusion: 

Environmental toxicity of Li and Sb in water shows a clear correlation to thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, various parties, including policymakers, need to work together to shape strategies to reduce Li and Sb's health risks to the community.