PENTAKSIRAN ANALITIK DAN HOLISTIK ELEMEN KEMAHIRAN BERFIKIR ARAS TINGGI DALAM PENULISAN BERDASARKAN TEORI METAFORA KONSEPSI (Analytical and Holistic Assessment of Higher Order Thinking Skills Elements Based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory in Writing)
Abstract
Penerapan kemahiran berfikir dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP) Bahasa Melayu dapat menggalakkan murid untuk memperoleh maklumat yang baharu, menyimpan, menyusun serta mengaitkannya dengan pengetahuan sedia ada, di samping menghuraikan maklumat itu berdasarkan idea dan kreativiti masing-masing dalam penghasilan nukilan yang berproduktif. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pentaksiran secara analitik dan holistik elemen Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT) dalam penulisan berdasarkan Teori Metafora Konsepsi. Pemahaman elemen KBAT menerusi Teori Metafora Konsepsi dalam penulisan dapat memberi gambaran yang baharu dalam meneliti idea penulisan secara lebih eksplisit terutamanya dalam bahagian pendahuluan karangan jenis perbincangan. Kajian ini menggunakan Teori Metafora Konsepsi menerusi bidang Semantik Kognitif yang diperkenalkan oleh Lakoff & Johnson. Teori ini menggagaskan proses pemetaan yang abstrak kepada konkrit, di samping mewajarkan proses metonimi yang terhasil menerusi pemetaan metafora konsepsi tersebut. Kajian ini merupakan kajian kualitatif yang menggunakan kaedah analisis dokumen. Sebanyak dua sampel pendahuluan karangan murid Tingkatan 4 telah dipilih secara rawak bagi meneliti idea KBAT menerusi Teori Metafora Konsepsi. Metodologi penganalisisan data menggunakan instrumen senarai semak dibina berdasarkan prinsip dalam Teori Metafora Konsepsi. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa penelitian idea KBAT dalam mengkonstruk bahagian pendahuluan sesebuah karangan melibatkan pelbagai jenis metafora konsepsi seperti metafora ontologi dan metafora struktural. Penerapan elemen KBAT menerusi pentaksiran secara analitik dan holistik dalam proses PdP dapat dihayati dari perspektif interdisiplin, iaitu dalam bidang pendidikan dan bidang semantik secara tidak langsung. Kajian ini juga dapat mengesan idea pemikiran murid secara yang lebih bersifat kritis dan inovatif dalam penghasilan nukilan yang mantap.
Kata Kunci: KBAT, pentaksiran analitik dan holistik, PdP, metafora konsepsi, penulisan
Abstract: Application of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in teaching and learning process able to encourage students to acquire a new knowledge which can be organised, stored and associated with existing knowledge, thus able to describe the information based on creativity and ideas in developing a writing. This study aims to analyze analytical and holistic assessment of HOTS elements based on conceptual metaphor theory in writing. The application of HOTS elements through cognitive semantic approach in writing gives a new perspective in examining the idea of writing with more explicity, especially in the beginning section of discussion based essays. This study uses the Conceptual Metaphor Theory through Cognitive Semantic field which been introduced by Lakoff & Johnson. This theory initiates the mapping process of abstract to the concrete while justifying the metonymy resulting through the mapping of conceptual metaphor. This study is a qualitative study that uses document analysis method. A total of two introductory sample from the essays of Form 4 Students were randomly selected to examine the HOTS idea in the introduction part of writing through Conceptual Metaphorical Theory. The methodology used are checklist instruments for data analyzing which been constructed based on the principles in Conceptual Metaphor Theory. These findings initiates that students can construct the HOTS through the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as ontology metaphor and structural metaphor. The application of HOTS elements through analytical and holistic assesment in teaching and learning process can be visualised through an interdisciplinary perspective indirectly in the field of education and semantic. This study also detect the level of thinking among students in a critical and innovative way by developing a productive writing.
Keywords: High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS), analytical and holistic assessment, teaching and learning, conceptual metaphor, writing
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