PENAGIHAN HEROIN: IMPLIKASI KEPADA SARAF OTAK, INGATAN SERTA PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP FENOMENA TINGKAH LAKU RELAPS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN fMRI (HEROIN ABUSE: IMPLICATIONS TO BRAIN NERVES, MEMORY AND ITS EFFECTS TOWARDS RELAPSE BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS USING fMRI)

Chandralekha S.Velu, Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman, Rozainee Khairudin, Syazarina Sharis Osman, Yahaya Mahamood

Abstract


Case of relapse among heroin addicts is gradually increasing in Malaysia. This study attempts to relate these relapse with the duration of heroin use towards memory capability and brain sections in an attempt to understand relapse behavior. 45 subjects were involved in this study. All subjects were chosen randomly based on the period of abuse. Subjects were divided to short addiction period, long period and normal subjects. Each group were represented by 15 subjects. This study was conducted as a parallel experiment using behavioral test through N-Back memory test and imaging test through fMRI test. Results from behavioral test were analyzed using SPSS, while data from the fMRI were analyzed using statistical paremetric mapping software (SPM) and MATLAB (r2008a). Hypotheses were tested using repeated measure ANOVA test and Post-Hoc while random effect test analysis (RFX) were conducted to observe the level of brain activities using SPM. Results show that memory capability differs significantly with period of abuse, there were significant interaction between period of abuse with the N-Back test, and differences on activation pattern on brain sections in experimental group and control group according to the difficulty of N-Back test administered. This study shows that the longer the period of addiction, the less part of the brain is activated and the higher the tendency to relapse.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abd. Halim Mohd Hussin & Muhammad Muzafar Shah Mohd Razali.2010. Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan Dadah: Isu dan prinsip-prinsip pencegahan dalam penyalahgunaan dadah. Panduan untuk kaunselor, guru, ibu bapa dan masyarakat. Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. Negeri Sembilan.

Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan. 2008. Maklumat dadah 2008. Putrajaya: Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan Kementerian Dalam Negeri.

Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan. 2010. Laporan Dadah Jun 2010. Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan Kementerian Dalam Negeri

Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan. 2012. Laporan Dadah November 2012. Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan Kementerian Dalam Negeri

Cami, J. & Farre, M.Dru. 2003. Addiction: mechanisms of disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 349(10): 975-986.

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (camh). 2010.HEROIN

Cermark, L.S. 1969. Repetition and encoding in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 82(1): 321-326.

Chandralekah S. Velu & Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman. 2010. Eksperimen: Daya ingatan mengikut perbezaan tempoh pengambilan dadah dalam kalangan pelatih Pusat Serenti Benta, Kuala Lipis, Pahang. Tesis Ijazah Sarjana Muda. Bangi: UKM

Chandralekah S. Velu, Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman & Yahaya Mahamood. 2013. Tingkah laku relaps ditinjau dari perspektif tempoh masa pengambilan dadah di PUSPEN Benta. Journal of Business and Social Development. 1(2): 160-168.

Daumann, J., Fimm, B., Willmes, K., Thron, A. & Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E. 2003. Cerebral activation in abstinent ecstasy (MDMA) users during a working memory task: a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Cognitive Brain Research 16(3): 479-487.

Daumann, J., Fisegermann, T., Heekeren, K., Thron, A. & Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E. 2004. Neural mechanisms of working memory in ecstasy (MDMA) users who continue or discontinue ecstasy and amphetamine use: evidence from an 18 –month longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study. BIOL PSYCHIATRY 56(1): 349-355.

Fellows, L. K. & Farah, M.J., 2005. Different underlying impairments in decision-making following ventromedial dan dorsolateral frontal lobe damage in humans. Cerebral Cortex 15 (1): 58-63.

Goldstein, R.Z. & Volkow, N.D. 2011. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addcition: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications.Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 12(2011): 652-669.

Hyman, S.E. & Malenka, R.C. 2001.Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nature Reviews: Neuroscinece 2(10): 695-703.

Hyman, S.E. 2005. Addiction: A disease of Learning and Memory. American Journal Psychiatry 162(2005): 1414-1422.

Hyman, S.E., Malenka, R.C. & Nestler, E.J. 2006. Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory. Review In Advance 29(4):565-598.

Kanayama, G., Rogowska, J., Pope, H.G., Gruber, S. A. & Yurgelun-Todd, D.A. 2004. Spatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology 176(2004): 239-247.

Kawarabayashi, T., Youkin, L.H., Saido, T.C., Shoji, M., Ashe, K.H. & Youkin, S.G. 2001. Age-Dependent Changes in Brain, CSF, and Plasma Amyloid β Protein in the Tg2576 Transgenic Mouse Model Of Alzheimer’s Disease. The Journal of Neuroscience 21(2): 372-381.

Kellogg, R.T. 2003. Cognitive psychology. (2nd Ed). United States of Amerika: Sage Publications, Inc.

London, E.d., Ernst, M., Grant, S., Bonson, K. & Weinstein, A. 2000. Orbitofrontal cortex and human drug abuse: Functional imaging. Cerebral Cortex Mar 10 (2000): 334-342.

London, W.D., Ernst, M., Grant, S., Bonson, B. & Weinstein, A. 2000. Orbitofrontal cortex and human drug abuse: functional imaging. Oxford Journal 10 (11):334-342.

Low, M.D., Klonoff, H. & Marcus, A. 1973 The neurophysiological basis of the marijuana experience. C.M.A. Journal 108(2):157-164.

Lundqvist, T. 2005. Cognitive consequences of cannabis use: comparison with abuse of stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 81(2005): 319-330.

Mitrović, S.M., Dickov, A., Vučković, N., Mitrović, D & Budiša, D. 2011. The effect of heroin on verbal memory. Psychiatria Danubina 23(1):53-59]

NIDA for Teens:The science behinds drug abuse. Brain & Addiction

NIDA Notes. 2008. Cocaine locks rats into unrewarding behaviors: brain circuits that quide behavior by registering consequences become less flexible after drug exposure. NIDA Notes 22(3): 1-5.

Schneck, N. & Vezina, P. 2012. Enhanced dorsolateral striatal activity in drug use: The role of outcome in stimulus-response associations. Behavioural Brain Research 235(2012): 136-142.

Sternberg, R.J. & Mio, J. 2006. Cognitive Psychology. USA. Thomson Wadsworth.

Volkow, N.D. 2005. What do we know about drug addiction. American Journal Psychiatry 162(8): 1401-1402.

Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S. & Wang, G.J. 2003.The addicted human brain: insight from imaging studies. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 111(10) 1444-1451.

Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S. & Wang, G.J. 2004. The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies: Brain circuits and treatment strategies. Neuropharmacology 47: 3-13.

Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Wang, G.J. & Goldstein, R.Z. 2002. Role of dopamine the frontal cortex and memory circuits in drug addiction: insight from imaging studies. Neurobiology of learning and memory 78(2002): 610-624.

Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Wang, G.J., Baler, R. & Telang, F. 2009. Imaging dopamine’s role in drug abuse and addiction. Neuropharmacology 56(2009): 3-8.

Volkow.N.D., Mullani, N., Gould, K.l., Adler, S. & Krajewski, K. 1988. Cerebral blood in chronic cocaine users: A study with positron emission tomography. British Journal of Psychiatry 71(152): 641-648.

Wang JH, Liu XF, Chen YM, Sun HY, Fu Y, Ma MX, He J, Wang HY, Wilson FA, Carlson S, Ma YY. 2007. Heroin impairs map-picture-following and memory tasks dependent on gender and orientation of the tasks. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121(4):653-64

Zillmer, E.A., Spiers, M.V. & Culberston, W.C. 2008. Principles of Neuropsychology. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. USA.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


DISCLAIMER

The editors and publisher of Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia have made every possible effort to verify the accuracy of all information contained in this publication. Any opinions, discussions, views and recommendations expressed in the article are solely those of the authors and are not of Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, its editors or its publisher. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, its editors and its publisher will not be liable for any direct, indirect, consequential, special, exemplary, or other damages arising therefrom.