Keselamatan Komuniti di India Menerusi Lensa Keselamatan Insan

Community Security in India from A Human Security Lens

Abstract

ABSTRAK
Kajian ini meneroka peranan penting keselamatan komuniti dalam rangka kerja keselamatan insan, dengan menekankan kepentingannya dalam memupuk perpaduan sosial, keadilan, dan ketahanan di India. Keselamatan komuniti merangkumi perlindungan individu dan kumpulan daripada ancaman seperti keganasan, diskriminasi, dan pengecualian sosial yang sering berlaku dalam landskap sosio-politik India yang kompleks. Kajian ini mengenal pasti empat cabaran utama yang mengancam keselamatan komuniti, iaitu ketidaksamaan ekonomi, diskriminasi berasaskan kasta, keganasan berasaskan gender, dan kekurangan akses kepada pendidikan berkualiti. Cabaran-cabaran ini saling berkaitan dan terus memacu kitaran peminggiran serta perpecahan sosial. Kertas kerja ini turut menilai dasar-dasar sedia ada seperti Skim Jaminan Pekerjaan Luar Bandar Mahatma Gandhi (MGNREGS), Akta Pencegahan Kekejaman terhadap SC/ST, dan Akta Pendidikan untuk Semua. Walaupun dasar ini membantu meningkatkan akses kepada sumber dan perlindungan, pelaksanaannya masih tidak konsisten dengan halangan sistemik yang berterusan. Dengan merujuk kepada amalan terbaik antarabangsa seperti Program Bolsa Família di Brazil dan Pelan Strategik Kebangsaan menentang Keganasan Berasaskan Gender di Afrika Selatan, kajian ini mencadangkan pendekatan holistik yang disesuaikan dengan konteks India. Antara cadangan utama termasuk memperkukuh penguatkuasaan dasar, menggalakkan tadbir urus inklusif, menangani prasangka sistemik, serta memperluas pelaburan dalam pendidikan dan pemberdayaan komuniti. Dapatan menegaskan keperluan memperkukuh keselamatan komuniti bagi membina masyarakat yang lebih inklusif, adil, dan harmoni, sekali gus menyumbang kepada pembangunan mampan dan kestabilan sosial.
Kata kunci: India, Keselamatan Insan, Keselamatan Komuniti, Keselamatan Bukan Tradisional, Pemberdayaan Komuniti

ABSTRACT

This study examines the crucial role of community security within the broader framework of human security, highlighting its importance in fostering social cohesion, justice, and resilience in India. Community security entails protecting individuals and groups from threats such as violence, discrimination, and social exclusion, which are common in India’s diverse socio-political context. The study identifies four key challenges that undermine community security: economic inequality, caste-based discrimination, gender-based violence, and limited access to quality education. These interrelated issues perpetuate cycles of marginalization and social division, threatening stability and development. The paper also evaluates existing policies, including the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, and the Right to Education Act. While these measures have improved access to resources and protection for marginalized groups, their implementation remains inconsistent, with persistent systemic barriers. Drawing on international best practices such as Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program and South Africa’s National Strategic Plan on Gender-Based Violence, the study proposes a holistic and multidimensional approach tailored to India’s needs. Key recommendations include strengthening policy enforcement, fostering inclusive governance, addressing systemic biases, and investing in education and community empowerment. Findings emphasize the importance of enhancing community security to build a more inclusive, equitable, and harmonious society. Adopting a human security perspective offers the potential to transform systemic challenges into opportunities for sustainable development and long-term stability.
Keywords: India, Human Security, Community Security, Non-Traditional Security, Community Empowerment